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Principles of naval weapons systems c d*


Principles of Naval Weapons Systems
Principles of Naval Weapons Systems on CD
The complete description of a weapons system must include all of the means of exchanging information between sub-systems, called communication systems; all means used to locate the target, called sensors; all means used to store, launch and deliver the weapon to the target, called delivery sub-systems; and all means used to inflict damage upon the target, called destruction sub-systems.
In this book, we will discuss how the various sub-systems function. The goal is to understand the principles of operation of many different weapons systems. It is expected that the reader will supplement this material with one of the many fine books describing the arsenal of weapons currently in use by the major militaries of the world.
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Principles of Naval Weapons Systems
11 The Parameters of a Wave . 11 Traveling Waves . 16 Frequency vs. Time Domain . 17
21 Basic Phenomena. 21 Reflection .23 Refraction .24 Interference .25 Diffraction.26 Antennas . 27 The Dipole Antenna .27 Polarization.28 Antenna Beam-forming .30 Modes of Propagation in Air . 32 The Electromagnetic Spectrum .32 Ground Waves .32 Sky Waves.33 Line of Sight .36
39 Basic Components . 39 Transmitter .40 The Transmission Channel.40 The Receiver .41 Modulation. 41 Noise. 42 Broadband (White) Noise .42 Narrowband (Interference) Noise .42
45 Amplitude Modulation (AM) . 46 An AM system . 48 The AM Spectrum. 49 Bandwidth.49 Efficiency .51 Frequency Modulation (FM) . 54 Bandwidth of FM . 55 Immunity to Static. 56 Phase Modulation (PM) . 56 Single Side-band (SSB) . 57
61 The Binary Representation. 62 The Binary number system.62 Bits, bytes and words .64 Basic Components . 64 Central Processing Unit (CPU).65 Bus .68 Memory.69 Input and Output (I/O) .71
73 Digital Data with Analog Signals . 74 Amplitude Shift-Keying (ASK) .74 Frequency Shift-Keying (FSK).75 Phase Shift-Keying (PSK) .75 M-ary Frequency/Phase Keying .75 Amplitude-Phase Keying .76 Capacity .76 Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) .77 Analog Data with Digital Signals . 77 Sampling.78 Encoding.78 Digital - Digital . 79 Parity Checksum.80
81 Multiplexing. 81 Frequency Domain Multiplexing .81 Time Domain Multiplexing .82 Spread Spectrum Multiplexing.82 Local Area Networks (LAN) . 83 Topology .83 Protocols .84 Wide Area Networks (WANs) . 84 More titles at 3 Fixed Wide Area Networks.84 Cellular Networks.85 Satellite Networks.85
87 Principles of Operation . 87 Mechanization . 89 Radar performance . 95 Pulse Width.95 Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF) .97 Radar Frequency .98 Theoretical Maximum Range Equation. 99
101 Principle of Operation. 101 Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) radar . 104
109 Radial Velocity Discrimination. 109 Differentiation.109 Moving Target Indicator (MTI) .110 Pulse Doppler Radar .112 Limitations .113 High Resolution Radar . 115 Pulse Compression .115 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) .116 Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) .118 Phased Array Radar . 119
123 Radar Servo Tracking System . 123 Range Tracking . 128 Track-While-Scan (TWS). 129 Phased-Array Tracking . 132 Tracking Networks . 133
135 The Electromagnetic Spectrum . 135 4 Sources of Electro-Optical Radiation . 137 Thermal Radiators .137 Selective Radiators .141
145 Spreading. 146 Point Source .146 Lambertian Source .147 Absorption/Scattering. 148 Dependence of Attenuation on Wavelength .149 Dependence of Attenuation on Range (BouguerÂ’s Law) .149 The Collected Flux . 151 Aperture .151 Bandwidth Factor, F .152 Maximum Range Equation . 154
157 The Field of View (FOV) . 157 Depth of Focus. 160 Scanning vs. Staring Sensors . 161 Resolution . 163 Spatial Resolution.163 Thermal Resolution .164 Spatial and Thermal Resolution, MRTD .164 Infrared Search and Tracking (IRST) Systems . 166 Triangulation (passive).166 Laser range-finder (passive-active combination) .167 Visible Band Imaging Systems . 167 Magnification .167 Stadimeter Ranging .170 Light Amplification .171 Laser Target Illumination.172
175 Acoustic Waves . 176 Propagation Speed .177 Sound Pressure Level (SPL) .178 Combining Sound Pressure Levels .179 Propagation Paths . 181 The Sound Velocity Profile (SVP) .181 5 Ray Tracing.184
191 Sources. 191 Active Sonar .191 Passive Sonar .192 Ambient Noise .193 Self-Noise .196 Detection of Acoustic Energy . 197 Beam-forming.197 Detection Criterion .198 Transmission Loss Formula . 199 Range Effect .199 Absorption/Scattering.202 Other losses.203 Figure of Merit . 204
209 Active Sonar . 209 Transmitter .209 Transducer Array .210 Beamforming Processor .210 Duplexer .211 Synchronizer.211 Receiver.211 Display .212 Passive Sonar Systems . 213 Hydrophone Array .213 Beamforming Processor .214 Broadband Display .216 Frequency Analyzer .216 Narrowband Display .217 Variable Depth Sonar (VDS) . 219 Towed Array Sonar Systems (TASS) . 219 Sonobuoys . 221 Bistatic Sonar . 222 Non-Acoustic Detection. 223 Visual .223 Radar.223 Infrared Detection.223 More titles at 6 Magnetic Anomaly Detection (MAD) .224
225 Open and Closed Loop Systems. 225 The Transfer Function . 227 System Response . 229
233 Initial (Boost) Phase . 234 Mid-course Phase . 236 Terminal Phase . 236
241 Global Positioning System . 241 Principle of Operation.241 System Components .244 Inertial Navigation Systems . 246 Principle of Operation.246
251 Interior Ballistics. 251 Propellant Types .252 Rifling .255 Exterior Ballistics . 257 Gravity .257 Aerodynamic Forces .257 Aerodynamic Stability .258 Drift.260 Coriolis Force .260 Aiming Errors . 261
263 Explosive Reactions. 263 Strength of Explosives. 266 Categories of Explosives . 268 Initiation of the Explosive Reaction . 268
271 Warhead Construction . 271 7 Blast Effects. 272 Predicting Blast Effects. 274 Fragmentation Warheads . 276 Reduction in Velocity with Range .278
281 Warhead Reliability . 281 Probability of Kill (Pk) . 284 Circular Error Probable. 285 Levels of Damage . 285 Damage Criteria for Blast Effect Warheads . 286 Damage Criteria for Fragmentation Warheads . 289 Personnel.289 Aircraft .290 Armored Vehicles.290 Probable Number of Fragments Hitting the Target .290
293 Armor-Piercing Warheads . 293 Explosively Formed Penetrators (EFP).293 Kinetic Energy Penetrators.295 Fuel-Air Explosive (FAE) . 296 Incendiary Warheads . 296
297 Underwater Explosions. 297 Torpedoes . 299 Sea Mines. 301 Mine Clearing . 304
307 Principles of Operation . 307 The Difference Between Fission and Fusion Reactions .308 Mechanization of a Fission Warhead . 310 The simplest warhead design: gun-type .311 Improvements of fission warhead design .312 Mechanization of a Fusion Warhead . 313 8 Nuclear Weapons Safety.314
317 The Blast Wave . 317 Thermal Pulse . 320 Nuclear Radiation . 321 Other Effects . 322 Variation in Nuclear Explosion Effects by Burst Type . 322 Air Burst .322 High Altitude Burst.322 Surface Burst.322 Underground Burst .323 Underwater Burst .323 Nuclear Attack Defensive Measures . 323 Sequence of Events .323 Defensive Measures: Priority of Actions .323
325 Types of Radiation . 326 Gamma .326 Neutron .326 Beta .327 Alpha.327 Measuring Radiation. 328 Units of measure .329 Somatic Effects .330 Sub-Clinical Dose, 0 to 100 rem.331 Therapeutic Dose, 100 to 1000 rem .331 Palliative Dose, > 1000 rem .332 Probable Health Effects resulting from Exposure to Ionizing Radiation . 332 Protection Standards. 333
341 Damage Criterion . 341 Diffraction Loading .341 Drag Loading .342 Fires/Burns .342 Radiation.343 Predicting Nuclear Blast Effects. 343 More titles at Thermal Radiation Prediction . 347 Radiation Dose Prediction .
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